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A behavior modification facility (or youth residential program) is a residential educational and treatment institution enrolling adolescents who are perceived as displaying antisocial behavior, in an attempt to alter their conduct. As of 2008 there were about 650 nongovernmental, residential programs in the United States offering treatment services for adolescents.〔Lon Woodbury, (Are We Ready for the Panic Button Yet? ), by Lon Woodbury, strugglingteens.com website, October 24, 2008〕 Some similar institutions are operated as components of governmental education or correctional systems. ==Methodologies used in such programs== Practices and service quality in such program vary greatly. The behavior modification methodologies used vary, but a combination of positive and negative reinforcement is typically used.〔Martin, G., & Pear, J. (2007). Behavior modification: What it is and how to do it (Eighth Edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.〕 Often these methods are delivered in a contingency management format such as a point system or level system.〔McKee, J.M. (1971). Contingency management in a correctional institution. Educational Technology, 11(4), 51-54.〕 Such methodology has been found to be highly effective in the treatment of disruptive disorders (see meta-analysis of Chen & Ma (2007).〔Chen & Ma (2007) Effectiveness of treatments on disruptive disorders: A quantitative synthesis of single subject methods using the PEM approach. ''The Behavior Analyst Today 8(4),'' 380-397 (Behavior Analyst Online )〕 Positive reinforcement mechanisms include points, rewards and signs of status,〔Cancio, E. & Johnson, J.W. (2007). Level Systems Revisited: An Impact Tool For Educating Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 3(4), 512-527 ()〕 while punishment procedures may include time-outs,〔McGuffin, P.W. (1991). The effect of timeout duration on frequency of aggression in hospitalized children with conduct disorders. Behavioral Intervention, 6(4), 279-288〕 point deductions, reversal of status, prolonged stays at a facility, physical restraint, or even corporal punishment. Research showed that time out length was not a factor and suggestions were made to limit time out to five minute durations.〔 A newer approach uses graduated sanctions.〔Howell, J.C. (Sept., 1998). “A new approach to juvenile crime: The promise of graduated sanctions in a juvenile justice system.” ''Corrections Compendium, Vol 23, No 9''〕 Staff appear easily trained in behavioral intervention, such training is maintained and does lead to improved consumer outcomes, as well as reduce turn over.〔Howard S. Rosen, Cydney J. Yerushalmi, & Jane C. Walker (1986)Training community residential staff: Evaluation and follow-up. Behavioral Intervention, 1, 15-38〕 More restrictive punishment procedures in general are less appealing to staff and administrators.〔David P. Lindeman, Raymond G. Miltenberger, David B. Lennox (1992). Acceptability of behavioral interventions: Perceptions of superintendents of public residential facilities. ''Behavioral Intervention, 7(1),'' 35-44.〕 Behavioral programs were found to lessen the need for medication 〔Foxx, R.M. (1998).A comprehensive treatment program for inpatient adolescents. ''Behavioral Intervention, 13(1),'' 67-77.〕 Several studies have found that gains made in residential treatment programs are maintained from 1–5 years post discharge.〔( U.S. Surgeon General (1999). Mental Health. Chapter 3 )〕 Therapeutic boarding schools are boarding schools based on the therapeutic community model that offers an educational program together with specialized structure and supervision for students with emotional and behavioral problems, substance abuse problems, or learning difficulties. Some schools are accredited as Residential treatment centers. ()() Behavioral residential treatment became so popular in the 1970s and 1980s that a journal was formed called "Behavioral residential Treatment", which later changed its name to "Behavioral Intervention." Behavioral Intervention continues to be published today. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「behavior modification facility」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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